Modern visual restoration operations are high -tech and safe procedures that allow us to eliminate almost every ophthalmic problem.They have been successfully used for several decades, so the methods are constantly evolving, expanding and becoming more effective.Improvement of visual functions is achieved with the help of hardware correction of the shape of the cornea, lens, retina and other elements of the optical system of the eye.Properly chosen technology not only completely restores vision, but also to reduce the risk of complications.From the article you will learn what ophthalmic operations there are indications of use and possible risks.
Types
Due to the development of hardware methods of medicine, visual and minimally invasive procedures are reliable and minimally invasive.Their duration does not exceed several hours, and in the future there is no need for complex rehabilitation measures.The choice of surgical treatment method is chosen depending on the disease, age and general condition of the patient's visual apparatus.
Laser correction
The most popular type of work to correct visual acuity.Today, these are advanced high -degree methods that have high efficiency and minimal risk of complications.Allow you to deal with myopia, Farsigtedness and Astigmatism.After the procedure, visual acuity has been maintained for a long time and if you follow all the ophthalmologist's instructions, you can completely avoid repeated intervention.There are several types of laser correction:
- LasikSThe main type of work to restore visual acuity.First, the surface layer of the cornea is separated by the microcarra and then, using a laser beam, a change in its shape is made.The main disadvantage of this type of correction is the inability to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient's eyes;
- Super Lasik.An advanced version of the traditional LASIK methodology.Allows you to achieve a better result as it takes into account the structure of the patient's visual system.Used in most modern clinics in the world;
- Femto Lasik.This type of work, the only difference is that the corneal incision is made not by microcharate but by a special Femo laser.There is an improved version in which the course of surgery depends on the individual characteristics of the patient - super femo Lasik;
- Epi-Lassic.The mechanism of the procedure is identical to the traditional LASIK method, but such surgery is prescribed only to patients with thin cornea (acquired or congenital);
- Prk (frk)SPhoto refraction Keratoctomy has been done since 1985. Today it has been applied in the presence of contraindications for ordinary correction methods, such as fine Rogovitsa, serious ophthalmic diseases.The healing process is always painful, the recovery period lasts longer than with other methods.
Visual correction operations last no more than 15 minutes.After the procedure, it is necessary to wear a protective dressing for several hours, as well as to plant drops for 1-2 months.The risk of complications is minimal, multiple treatment is necessary with a significant reduction in vision.
Victomy
This is a procedure for complete or partial removal of the vitreous of the eyeball.It is performed with general or local anesthesia, in the absence of complications it passes for 2-3 hours.First, small punctures are made in the nest of the eyes, through which subsequent manipulations are performed.As a rule, it is a laser cauterization of the affected areas of the retina, the sealing abroad or the restoration of the integrity of the tissues.The procedure is prescribed for the following problems:
- Restoration of visual functions after hemorrhage in the tissues of the eye;
- prevention of retinal detachment associated with age;
- Treatment of severe retinopathy of the eyes, in which rough scars or neovascularization (germination of the blood vessels) appear.
Artificial polymers, gas balloon, silicone oil or a balanced solution of salt are used as a substitute for the vitreous body.The latter type is used more often, since no re -operation is required in the future - subsequently the saline solution is replaced by intraocular fluid.
After surgery, side effects are possible in the form of corneal swelling, increased intraocular pressure, or even more vision.Recovery and prognosis depend on the vastness of the lesion, as well as the type of prosthesis when replacing the vitreous.If there are irreversible changes in the optic nerve, then vision correction is almost impossible.
Scleroplasty
A general ophthalmic procedure aimed at strengthening the outer sheath of the eye (sclera).It is prescribed not for the correction of visual functions, but for stabilizing the degree of short -sightedness in the patient in the risk group.It is recommended to be done by adolescents suffering from this problem, as at this age the shape of the eye is actively changing.
During the operation, the required amount of materials to strengthen the sclera is introduced behind the back wall of the eyeball.Polymers or biological components are usually used.A thorns then appear with the outer sheath of the eye, and after a few months the blood vessels needed to maintain visual functions grow into the valve.There is a simplified version of scleroplasty.This is the introduction of an artificial or biological substance for the eyeball.The mechanism of action in such technology is identical - preventing the growth of the eyeball.
Scleroplasty
This is a well -studied surgery that has not practically changed over the years.It is performed in most clinics.There were virtually no side effects, except for possible allergies to the drug.A second operation is usually required.
Lens replacement
The required surgery, which is prescribed during blurring or other degenerative processes in the lens, such as cataracts.Treatment is always forced, but the implant is chosen individually, depending on the age, gender and severity of pathological changes in the eye.In the following cases, the replacement of the crystal is prescribed:
- high degrees of short -sightedness and farsightedness;
- Significant reduction in refraction;
- Regenerative processes in the eye associated with age reduction of vision;
- the inability to restore laser vision;
- cataracts;
- The likelihood of developing glaucoma against a background of systemic or ophthalmic disease.
The procedure is always performed under local anesthesia.During the operation, the surgeon makes a small incision with a laser, after which the patient's lens is diluted with a special tool and removed from the eye.A prepared transplant was then installed.The intervention lasts no more than 25 minutes, the subsequent application of seams and the recovery in the hospital is not required.
The operation is performed in most private and state clinics.Usually there are no complications after manipulation, but the subsequent correction of laser vision is often prescribed.In rare cases, re -restoration of the lens is required.
Keratoplasty (corneal replacement)
One of the most modern and complex ophthalmic operations, which is associated with a lot of risk and requires high qualification of the surgeon.It is necessary to restore the anatomical integrity and physiological functions of the cornea.It is prescribed for the treatment of congenital or acquired defects resulting from injuries or diseases.Healthy transplant tissue is only taken in donors, but the development of artificial replacement is carried out in many countries.Keratoplasty is recommended to solve the following problems:
- Treatment of corneal diseases (white, tone disorders);
- mechanical or chemical damage;
- Congenital defects.
The operation is performed no more than 30 minutes.During the procedure, the surgeon with a laser or special scalpel removes some of the patient's cornea and implants tissue in his place.The seams can last up to one year, after which a special lens is selected to reduce the risk of infection.The recovery period is 4 weeks, during which the antibiotic is required, but regular examinations are required for the whole year.
In recent years, it has been possible to significantly reduce the risk of rejection of donor tissue due to the use of special compositions during processing and preservation.
Laser coagulation of the retina
The operating method for retinal tissue repair.The efficiency of the method is more than 70%and already 24 hours after its application you can return to the usual lifestyle.Obathalmologist observations are required within a year after the procedure.
Today, the operation is performed using a laser that allows you to do without blood loss.Anesthesia is performed at the local level, the time for the procedure takes no more than 20 minutes.
Before exposing the laser, the drop drop to expand the pupil, and then put a special protective lens through which the exposure is carried out at low frequencies.Due to the high temperatures that adhere to damaged cells as well as small blood vessels.
The coagulation procedure is necessary for all damage and pathologies of the retina, as well as for the eyes and diseases of the vascular system of this organ.After surgery, inflammation and blurry are possible.For several years after the correction, it is impossible to get involved in heavy physical labor and active sports.
Crossing
An effective method for treating various corneal diseases.It is performed to strengthen the connections and other fibers in the corneal tissues, which is necessary for keratoconus of varying degrees or degenerative processes, dystrophy.
The surgery is performed under local anesthesia.First, a small part of the cornea is cut with a special device, and vitamin B2 is required in the open area.The next irradiation allows you to compact fabrics by more than 200%.The first week after surgery, it is necessary to carry a protective contact lens and to be examined for 6 months by a doctor.The effect of the procedure lasts for 10 years, after which re -operation is required.
Complications are observed in rare cases.The patient may reduce vision, inflammation or blurring of the cornea.
Glaucoma
Ophthalmic surgery for different degrees of glaucoma is required when drug therapy does not lead to the necessary result.The operation is performed using a laser or surgically.
The laser method is considered the most successful.It is completely painless for the patient and there are virtually no complications.During the procedure, a hole with a beam is made through which the fluid is removed from the tissues of the eye to normalize the pressure.It is used to treat all types of glaucoma.
Manual surgery is less effective as there is a risk of complications after the procedure.As a rule, it is an unsuccessful deep scleretomy.The purpose of the method is to reduce the intraocular pressure, using a slight thinning of the stratum layer.
The effect after the two types of operations is reduced over time.On average, a second operation is required after 5-7 years.This period can be expanded with the help of competent medication treatment.
Conclusions
Today, most modern ophthalmic clinics have a number of surgical procedures for vision correction.These are the exact methods with high technology that can allow almost any eye defect.The choice of the method depends on a number of factors - age, illness, individual characteristics of the patient's visual system structure.After the surgery, the effect occurs almost immediately and if all the doctor's prescriptions are observed, visual acuity can be preserved for a long time.